Due to efficiency, quality, and cost, digital communications systems play a major role in telecommunications, especially wireless services. With most digital modulation schemes represented as in-phase ...

Modulation is fundamental to electronic communications. The modulating signal might be analog in nature (voice or music) or digital bit streams. Most modern communication systems are digital, using ...

Digital-to-analog converters (DACs) have been widely used since the 1980s in arbitrary function generators (AFGs) and arbitrary waveform generators (AWGs) to produce signals for verification, ...